Stages of development of information systems. History of the development of information systems Stages of development of information systems to support planned decisions

History of development information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in table. 1.1.

Table 1.1. Changing the approach to using information systems.

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

Processes in the information system

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1.1), consisting of blocks:

· input of information from external or internal sources;

· processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

· output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

· feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

Rice. 1.1. Processes in the information system

An information system is defined by the following properties:

any information system can be analyzed, built and managed based on general principles building systems;

· the information system is dynamic and developing;

· when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

· the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;

· the information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.

Currently, there is an opinion about an information system as a system implemented using computer technology. Although in the general case, an information system can also be understood in a non-computer version.

To understand the operation of an information system, it is necessary to understand the essence of the problems that it solves, as well as the organizational processes in which it is included. For example, when determining the capability of a computer information system to support decision making, the following should be considered:

· structured management tasks;

· the level of the company's management hierarchy at which the decision must be made;

· whether the problem being solved belongs to one or another functional area of ​​the business;

· type of information technology used.

The technology of working in a computer information system is understandable to a specialist in the non-computer field and can be successfully used to control processes professional activity and management of them.

Introduction

Information Systems

1.1 GENERAL VIEW

1.2 ROLE OF MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN THE INFORMATION SYSTEM

1.3 EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Structure and classification of information systems

2.1 INFORMATION SYSTEM STRUCTURE

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURED TASKS

2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Information Technology

3.1 CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

3.2 STAGES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Kinds information technologies

4.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF DATA PROCESSING

4.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Conclusion

LITERATURE

Introduction

In the past, information was considered the domain of bureaucratic work and a limited tool for decision-making. Today, information is considered as one of the main resources for the development of society, and information systems and technologies as a means of increasing the productivity and efficiency of people.

Information systems and technologies are most widely used in production, management and financial activities, although shifts have begun in the consciousness of people employed in other areas regarding the need for their implementation and active use. This determined the angle from which the main areas of their application will be considered. The main attention is paid to the consideration of information systems and technologies from the standpoint of using their capabilities to improve the efficiency of workers information sphere production and decision support in organizations (firms).

Purpose of the chapter- outline the main ideas associated with the use of information systems and information technologies, introduce the existing variety of types of systems that determine the appropriate information technology for working on a personal computer in order to support decision-making.

Stages of information systems development

The history of the development of information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 Changing approach to the use of information systems

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. Today, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

The evolution of information systems can be most clearly seen in. development of methods for storing, transporting and processing information.

IN data management, combining the tasks of obtaining, storing, managing, analyzing and visualizing data, there are six time phases (generations), which are presented in Fig.

Rice. 4. Time phases of data management development

At first, the data was processed manually. The next step used punch card equipment and electromechanical machines to sort and tabulate millions of records. In the third phase, data was stored on magnetic tapes, and special programs performed batch processing of sequential files. In the fourth phase, the concept of a database schema and operational navigational access to data appeared. In the fifth phase, automatic access to relational data bases was provided and distributed and client-server processing was introduced. Now the sixth phase has begun - systems have emerged that store richer types of data, especially documents, graphics, sound and video images. These systems provide basic storage for Internet applications and Intranet.

To others a clear example evolution of information systems is the area organizational management.

Until the 1960s The main function of information systems was interactive electronic processing (Electronic Data Processing - EDP) records, accounting, etc. In the process of forming the concept of management information systems (Management Information Systems - M.I.S.) a function was added aimed at providing users with reports necessary for making management decisions, generated on the basis of data collected about the process (Information Reporting Systems - IRS).

However, the rigid reporting structure has become an obstacle to expansion information interaction. The consequence was the emergence of the concept of decision support systems (Decision Support Systems - DDS), whose task was to support the decision-making process in conditions of contradictory and rapidly changing information.

In the 1980s The rapid development of computer power (speed, memory capacity), the emergence of new operating systems, application programs, and telecommunication networks at various levels have created the prerequisites for free access to end user computing resources. From this moment on, end users were able to independently use information resources to solve professional problems without the mediation of specialized information services.

The further development of information systems has shown that many end users (top-level managers) use the information they need, when they need it and in a format convenient for them. Existing reporting or decision support systems could not meet the requirements. Thus, the concept of management information systems (Executive Information Systems) appeared. EIS).

An important milestone was the creation and application of artificial intelligence systems and methods (Artificial Intelligence - A.I.) in information systems. Expert systems(Expert Systems - ES) and knowledge base systems (Knowledge-Based Systems) have determined the new purpose of information systems - providing end users with high-quality and reliable recommendations in specialized areas.

Further development is associated with the appearance in the 1990s. concepts of strategic information systems (Strategic Information Systems - SIS). According to this concept, information systems do not simply provide information processing for end users, but become a generator based on new information that provides the company with a competitive advantage in the market.

The most common are the class of production information systems, as well as process control systems (Process Control Systems). PCS) and office automation systems (Office automation Systems - OAS).

Office Automation Systems OAS) collect, process, store and transmit information in the form of electronic documents. They use word processing, data communications, and other information technologies to improve office efficiency. For example, it is possible to use word processors to process correspondence, Email exchange of electronic messages; desktop publishing systems are used to produce company newsletters, and teleconferencing capabilities are used to conduct electronic meetings.

Information systems are usually combinations of several types of information systems. The conceptual classification of information systems is designed to highlight the various roles of information systems. In practice, these roles are integrated into complex or interconnected information systems that provide a range of functions. Thus, most information systems are designed to provide information and support decision-making at various levels of management and in various functional areas.

An equally striking example of the evolution of information systems is corporate governance. The creation of corporate information systems currently relies on various information technologies, since, unfortunately, there is no universal one. The following three groups of management methods can be distinguished: resources, processes, corporate knowledge (communications). Among the information technologies, the most used ones include: DBMS, Workflow (standards of the Workflow Management Coalition association), Intranet. In Fig. Figure 5 shows the place and purpose of each of the information technologies.

Rice. 5. Place and purpose of each information technology

In Fig. 6, the color intensity corresponds to the degree of information technology support for management methods.

Rice. 6. Degree of information technology support for management methods

The problem of resource management is one of the classical management techniques and is the first where information technologies began to be widely used. This is due to the presence of well-developed economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by means of computer technology. Let's consider the evolution of resource management problems.

Initially, a methodology for planning enterprise material resources was developed MRP(Material Requirements Planning), which was used with the methodology of volume scheduling MPS(Master Planning Shedule). The next step was to create a methodology for planning production resources (capacity) CRP(Capacity Requirements Planning). This methodology was fundamentally similar to MRP, but was focused on calculating production capacity rather than materials and components. This task requires a lot computing resources, even at the modern level.

The combination of the above methodologies led to the emergence of the “second level” MRP task: MRP II(Manufacturing Resource Planning) integrated planning methodology, including MRP\CRP and using MPS, and FRS (Finance Resource/Requirements Planning) financial resource planning. Next, the concept was proposed ERP(Economic Requirements Planning) integrated planning of all “business” resources of an enterprise.

These methodologies were supported by appropriate tools. To a greater extent, DBMSs are applicable to support these methodologies.

The next step was to create the concept of production resource management - CSPP(Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) resource planning synchronized with consumption. The difference between this concept is the consideration of auxiliary resources related to marketing, sales and after-sales service. In Fig. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle.

Rice. 7. The relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle

Due to the fact that many suppliers and buyers are involved in modern production, a new concept of supply chains has emerged. The essence of this concept is to take into account, when analyzing the economic activity of the entire chain (network), the transformation of a product from raw materials into a finished product (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Supply chain concept

In this case, emphasis is placed on the following factors:

- the cost of the product is formed throughout the entire supply chain, but the stage of sale to the final consumer is decisive;

The cost of goods is critically affected by the overall efficiency of all operations;

The most controllable are the initial stages of product production, and the most sensitive are the final (sales) stages.

A further development of the concept of supply chains is the idea of ​​a virtual business (Fig. 9), representing a distributed system of several companies and covering the entire life cycle goods, or the division of one company into several “virtual businesses”.

Rice. 9. Virtual business idea

The methodologies discussed above are manifested both in individual software products and within the Intranet as a corporate governance tool.

Intranet is a technology for managing corporate communications, in contrast to the Internet, which is a technology for global communications. In telecommunications technologies, there are three levels of implementation: hardware, software and information. From this point of view, Intranet differs from the Internet only in information aspects, where three levels are distinguished: a universal language for representing corporate knowledge, representation models, factual knowledge.

A universal language for representing corporate knowledge is independent of a specific subject area and defines grammar and syntax. At this stage, there is no single description language; this category can include a graphical language for describing data models, network diagrams, algorithms, etc. The task of a universal language for representing corporate knowledge is: unification of knowledge representation; unambiguous interpretation of knowledge; division of knowledge processing processes into simple procedures allowing automation.

View Models determine the specifics of the organization’s activities. Knowledge at this level is metadata that describes the primary data.

Factual knowledge reflect specific subject areas and are primary data.

Information provides a tangible economic effect in the organization's activities, which is associated, first of all, with a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For an organization's information system, the following concepts become key: publication of information, consumers of information, presentation of information.

Intranet architecture was a natural development of information systems: from systems with a centralized architecture through client-server systems to the Intranet.

The idea of ​​a centralized architecture was classically implemented in mainframes, the peculiarity of which was the concentration of computing resources in a single complex, where huge amounts of information were stored and processed. Its advantages are ease of administration and information security.

With the advent personal computers it became possible to transfer part of the information system directly to the workplace. Thus, the need arose to build a distributed information system. The client-server architecture, based on the model of interaction between computers and programs on the network, corresponds to these goals (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Model of interaction between computers and programs on the network

In the traditional sense, client-server systems deliver data and are characterized by the following properties:

The server generates data, not information;

A closed protocol is used to exchange data between clients;

The data is transmitted to clients, where it is interpreted and converted into information;

Fragments of the application system are hosted on clients.

The main advantages of client-server systems:

low load on the network (the workstation sends a request to the database server to search for certain data, which itself performs the search and returns to the network only the result of processing the request, i.e. one or more records);

high reliability (DBMS based on client-server technology support transaction integrity and automatic recovery in case of failure);

flexible adjustment of the level of user rights (some users can be assigned only viewing data, others viewing and editing, others will not see any data at all);

Field support large sizes(supports data types whose size can be measured in hundreds of kilobytes and megabytes).

However, client-server systems have a number of serious disadvantages:

difficulty of administration due to territorial disunity and heterogeneity of computers at workplaces;

Insufficient degree of information protection from unauthorized actions;

a closed protocol for communication between clients and servers, specific to a given information system.

Therefore, an architecture of Intranet systems free of these shortcomings was developed, concentrating and combining best qualities centralized systems and traditional client-server systems (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Architecture of client-server systems

The entire information system is located on a central computer. At workplaces there are simple access devices (navigators) that provide the ability to manage processes in the information system. All processes are carried out on a central computer, with which the access device communicates through a simple protocol, by transmitting screens and codes using keys on the remote control.

The main advantages of Intranet systems:

Presenting information (not data) in a user-friendly form;

used to exchange information between client and server protocol open type;

concentration of the application system on the server; only the navigator program is hosted on clients:

Facilitated centralized management of the server part and workstations;

unified interface, independent of the software used by the user (operating system, DBMS, etc.).

An important advantage of Internet is the openness of the technology. Existing software based on proprietary technologies, when solutions are developed by one company for one application, seems to be more functional and convenient. However, it sharply limits the possibilities for the development of information systems. Currently, open standards are widely used in the Intranet in the following areas: network resource management (SMTP, IMAP, MIME); teleconferencing (NNTP); information service (HTTP, HTML); help desk(LDAP); programming (Java).

Trends in the further development of Intranet are: intelligent network search; high interactivity of navigators due to the use of Java technology; network computers: turning the navigator interface into a universal interface with a computer.

Related information.

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing bills and payroll, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just counting salaries, as was previously the case.

In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process. Then the concept of decision support systems (DDS) appeared. These systems were supposed to provide managers with specialized and interactive support for the processes of making unique solutions to problems in a real, rapidly changing world.

By the end of the 80s. The concept of using information systems is changing again. The development of the power (speed) of microcomputers, application software packages and telecommunication networks gave impetus to the emergence of the phenomenon of end user computing. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

Information systems designed to provide managers with information to support effective decision making are called management information systems (MIS).

Computerization of human activity in general can be considered the most significant feature, characterizing the scientific and technological progress of all humanity in the second half of the twentieth century. The term computerization hides many different definitions. But if we take the most basic of them, we can conclude that this term means widespread introduction into our daily life computer equipment, special software and mathematical methods. All this is used to collect, store and process information, for the most effective learning process, as well as to obtain various types of information and computing services. Today there is practically no type of human activity where computers are not used to one degree or another. According to some authors who have thought about the meaning of the computerization process, this process is nothing more than a great watershed in the history of mankind, comparable in significance only to the first great break in historical continuity - the transition from barbarism to civilization.

The spread of computers has greatly stimulated a large number of new ideas, because the computer world is a new, as yet little studied and mastered creative space. However, it often turns out that the computer’s computing power is not enough to implement all creative ideas, and it has to be increased and new technologies introduced that speed up the speed of work. The higher the speed of the computer, the wider the creative space that allows a person to realize his fantasies in in electronic format. However, human psychology is such that his needs are limitless; the more the power of computers increases, the more he will demand from them. The modernization and computerization currently taking place is a two-pronged process: people improve computer systems, and they, in turn, improve it. The current processes of development and modernization of computers are extremely fast, and it is almost impossible to predict them even for the next 5 years.

If we talk directly about legal activity, then with the advent of new information technologies it has become significantly rationalized. In legal activities, as in many other types of activities, the improvement of methods for transmitting, receiving, storing and processing information plays a huge role. After all, proper organization of work greatly speeds it up. As for the mechanization of legal activities, such innovations of the 19th and 20th centuries as telephone and radio communications, photography, film and video, sound recording and other means of obtaining and recording information significantly contributed to its optimization and increased efficiency. At the same time, the exceptional variety of tasks arising in legal practice makes it possible to use the entire range of information technologies (from conventional text editors to automated information systems and “consulting systems” that can synthesize a specific answer after entering certain parameters). Mathematical methods began to be used in legal practice long before the advent of computers. Their use was determined by several circumstances: firstly, when using computers, the accuracy and objectivity of research results, on the basis of which any important decisions are made, increases, and, secondly, they ensure the completeness and comprehensiveness of the study.

Language, as we know, is not only a means of communication, but also a means of description. Structurally, the language of any science represents a certain system of concepts of this science, as well as definitions of images, images and signs with the help of which they are expressed. The basis of the language of legal sciences is the language of law. The use of tools, methods and the language of mathematics leads to the fact that the legal concepts used become more defined and their relationship within the system is improved. As for the form of expression obtained legal information, then mathematical symbolism can be used here and logical expressions, which allows you to switch from regular language to sign language. Most often, these are specific symbols, which allows us to solve one important problem: to replace large (and not always unambiguous) statements expressed in ordinary language. While fully preserving the meaning of the original statement, such systems will always be much more compact.